Questions are frequently raised in connection with sea-coast
works as to whether any deleterious effect will result from
using sea-water for mixing the concrete or from using sand and
shingle off the beach; and, further, whether the concrete,
after it is mixed, will withstand the action of the elements,
exposed, as it will be, to air and sea-water, rain, hot sun,
and frosts.
Some concrete structures have failed by decay of the material,
principally between high and low water mark, and in order to
ascertain the probable causes and to learn the precautions
which it is necessary to take, some elaborate experiments have
been carried out.
To appreciate the chemical actions which may occur, it will be
as well to examine analyses of sea-water and cement. The water
of the Irish Channel is composed of
Sodium chloride.................... 2.6439 per cent.
Magnesium chloride................. 0.3150 " "
Magnesium sulphate................. 0.2066 " "
Calcium sulphate................... 0.1331 " "
Potassium chloride................. 0.0746 " "
Magnesium bromide.................. 0.0070 " "
Calcium carbonate.................. 0.0047 " "
Iron carbonate..................... 0.0005 " "
Magnesium nitrate.................. 0.0002 " "
Lithium chloride.
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