1340), the Summa logices
of the great English schoolman, William of Ockham
(d. c. 1349), and the Quaestiones of William Brito (d. 1356)
were the chief manuals of dialectic.
The first figure in the representation of the quadrivium
is Music, with Tubal Cain beneath. In this subject, for
which few books were necessary, Boethius was the guide.
With Astronomy is associated Ptolemy. The Cosmographia
and Almagest of Ptolemy, and the works of some
Arabian authors, with books of tables, were the student's
manuals. In our cartoon Geometry has Euclid for companion.
Arithmetic is associated with Pythagoras in the
picture: for this subject Boethius was the text-book.[1]
[1] In the right-hand doorway of the west front of Chartres
Cathedral are figures of the Seven Arts, Grammar being associated
with Priscian, Logic with Aristotle, Rhetoric with Cicero, Music
with Pythagoras, Arithmetic with Nicomachus, Geometry with
Euclid, and Astronomy with Ptolemy. Cf. Marriage, Sculp. of
Chartres Cath., 71-73 (1909).
Besides the seven liberal arts, natural, metaphysical, and
moral philosophy, or the three philosophies, were added in
the thirteenth century.
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