[2]
[1] Mun. Acad., 86, 430, 444; cf. Lyte, 235. Donatus came to be
regarded as a synonymous term for grammar. In Piers Plowman a
grammatical lesson or text book is called "Donet." A Greek
grammar was called a "Donatus Graecorum."
[2] Mun. Acad., 441.
Next to the figure of Grammar is Rhetoric, with Cicero
seated beneath. Cicero, with Aristotle, Quintilian and
Boethius were the chief exponents of rhetoric; with Virgil,
Ovid, Statius, and sometimes such a book as Guido delle
Colonne's epic of Troy, as examples of literary style.
John Garland (fl. 1230) recommended Cicero's De
Inventione (Rhetorica), De Oratore, the Ad Herennium
ascribed to Cicero, Quintilian's Institutes and the Declamationes
ascribed to him. The third figure is Logic, coupled
with the figure of Aristotle. The Categories and Porphyry's
Isagoge were the books of greatest service in the study of
this subject; with Boethius' translations and expositions of
Aristotle and Porphyry. All the foregoing and Cicero's
Topica are selected by John Garland. Later the
Summulae logicales of Peter the Spaniard (fl. 1276), William
of Heytesbury's Sophismata (c.
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