The King must not be in check. 2d. The King must not have moved. 3d. The
Rook must not have moved. 4th. The King must not pass over or on to any
square attacked by an enemy's man. And 5th. There must be no Piece,
either of his own or the adversary's, between the King and the Rook.
In exemplification of the importance of castling, to escape from an
attack, and to retort one on the adversary, see, presently, the diagram
No. 8 (p. 24).
_Check and Checkmate._--The King is said to be in _check_ when he is
attacked by any Piece or Pawn, for it being a fundamental law of chess
that the King can never be taken, whenever any direct attack upon him is
made, he must be warned of his danger by the cry of _check_, and the
player is then compelled either to remove his King _out_ of _check_, or
parry the check by interposing a man between the King and the attacking
Piece, or capture the checking man.
When he can do none of these three things, he is _checkmated_, and the
game won by the other side. (See diagrams Nos. 9 and 10.) When the King
is directly attacked by the Piece played, it is a _simple_ check; but
when the Piece moved does not itself give check, but unmasks another
which does, it is called a _discovered check_. (See diagram No.
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